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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Dear all,<br>
(I included some more lists to ping them, discussion started here:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://mailman.uib.no/public/corpora/2014-August/020939.html">http://mailman.uib.no/public/corpora/2014-August/020939.html</a>)<br>
<br>
I see that there are many viewpoints on this issue in this thread.<br>
So let me add my personal biased view.<br>
<br>
In the broadest sense, we start to create an ontology by stating
facts:<br>
<br>
married (a, b) . <br>
<br>
Imho we have an ontology, solely for the reason, that we start to
relate a to b with "married" . Even if there is not an explicit
ontology defining "married", it is still used in an "ontological"
way, just not explicit. There are other aspects missing, which
have been discussed throughout the literature (i.e. the fact that
it must be "shared" by Gruber), but in the broadest sense, it
qualifies. <br>
<br>
Regarding language technology and this discussion, I would say
that we should be careful not to mix levels. This is done by
lexical-semantic resources, i.e. WordNet, but we could separate it
again. <br>
<br>
In my view, we have these different layers:<br>
<br>
1. the content, i.e. the characters (html, plaintext), e.g in
unicode.<br>
2. the container of the content, i.e. document or tweet<br>
3. annotations on the content<br>
4. metadata on the container, e.g. the tweeter or author for
context<br>
5. collection of content (with or without annotations) i.e. the
corpora<br>
6. ontologies and data describing language, i.e. lexica,
dictionaries, terminologies, etc. such as WordNet<br>
7. factual databases inluding their taxonomies, i.e. the DBpedia
knowledge graph <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://dbpedia.org">http://dbpedia.org</a><br>
<br>
(@John: I hope you are noticing, that I am trying to be keep all
of it as underspecified as possible)<br>
<br>
Then in addition, there are ontologies on a meta-level that try to
capture all seven layers. Some examples (more below): NIF, lemon,
ITS, NERD [1]<br>
which we are trying to combine in the <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://nlp2rdf.org">http://nlp2rdf.org</a> and
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lider-project.eu">http://lider-project.eu</a> <br>
<br>
We can model WordNet using the lemon ontology:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://datahub.io/dataset/lemonwordnet">http://datahub.io/dataset/lemonwordnet</a><br>
However for certain purposes, it makes sense to transform WordNet
to become a taxonomy as YAGO is doing:<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/departments/databases-and-information-systems/research/yago-naga/yago/">https://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/departments/databases-and-information-systems/research/yago-naga/yago/</a><br>
<br>
I am not fixed upon any of the definitions I gave above, as I am
aware that you can and should! transform one in the other (with
some effort, e.g. corpora to dictionary, fact extraction, language
generation).<br>
<br>
If we are talking about extracting ontologies from text, there
might be philosophical people who might want to argue that the
ontology is already in the text. Discussion can be endless, if you
take the wrong linguistic turn.<br>
<br>
If we are focusing on engineering of information machines, then
things are much clearer. <br>
<br>
All the best, <br>
Sebastian<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
[1] related to the different layers:<br>
1. NIF:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core#">http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core#</a><br>
2. (there is a gap here, Dublin Core or Foaf are not enough imho)<br>
3 a) MARL: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.gi2mo.org/marl/0.1/ns.html">http://www.gi2mo.org/marl/0.1/ns.html</a><br>
b) ITS: Docu: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/">http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/</a> , RDF:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its/rdf#">http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its/rdf#</a><br>
c) OLIA: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://purl.org/olia/">http://purl.org/olia/</a><br>
4. a) Dublin Core: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/">http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/</a><br>
b) Prov-O: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/</a><br>
5. also NIF:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core#">http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core#</a><br>
6. lemon: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lemon-model.net/">http://lemon-model.net/</a><br>
7. a) DCAT and DataId: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://wiki.dbpedia.org/coop/DataIDUnit">http://wiki.dbpedia.org/coop/DataIDUnit</a><br>
b) NERD: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://nerd.eurecom.fr/ontology">http://nerd.eurecom.fr/ontology</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On 08.08.2014 06:11, John F Sowa wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:53E44DE4.4090105@bestweb.net" type="cite">On
8/7/2014 10:57 PM, Ken Litkowski wrote:
<br>
<blockquote type="cite">It would seem to me that our goal should
be a classification
<br>
of all existing things (not to exclude the narrower types).
<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
Yes, but note the slides I suggested in my first note:
<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.jfsowa.com/talks/kdptut.pdf">http://www.jfsowa.com/talks/kdptut.pdf</a>
<br>
<br>
Slides 7 to 9: Cyc project. 30 years of work (since 1984).
<br>
After the first 25 years, 100 million dollars and 1000
person-years
<br>
of work (one person-millennium!), 600,000 concepts, defined by
<br>
5,000,000 axioms, organized in 6,000 microtheories -- and
counting.
<br>
<br>
Slide 10: 2300 years of universal ontology schemes -- and
counting.
<br>
<br>
<blockquote type="cite">The Brandeis Shallow Ontology attempts to
do this, and incidentally
<br>
is being used to characterize arguments of verbs in Patrick
Hanks
<br>
corpus pattern analysis, i.e., in the imperfect world of
language.
<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
I strongly believe in shallow, underspecified ontologies --
especially
<br>
when they're supplemented with lots of lexical information about
verbs
<br>
and their characteristic patterns.
<br>
<br>
But I also believe that the key to having an open-ended variety of
<br>
specialized ontologies is to make the computers do what people do:
<br>
extend their ontologies automatically by reading books.
<br>
<br>
Lenat made the mistake of assuming that you need to hand-code
<br>
a huge amount of knowledge before a system can start to read
<br>
by itself. But that's wrong. You need to design a system that
<br>
can automatically augment its ontology every step of the way.
<br>
<br>
John
<br>
<br>
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<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<small>Sebastian Hellmann<br>
AKSW/NLP2RDF research group<br>
Insitute for Applied Informatics (InfAI) and DBpedia Association<br>
Events: <br>
* <b>Sept. 1-5, 2014</b> Conference Week in Leipzig, including
<br>
** <b>Sept 2nd</b>, <a href="http://mlode2014.nlp2rdf.org/">MLODE
2014</a> <br>
** <b>Sept 3rd</b>, <a
href="http://wiki.dbpedia.org/meetings/Leipzig2014">2nd
DBpedia Community Meeting</a><br>
** <b>Sept 4th-5th</b>, <a href="http://semantics.cc/">SEMANTiCS
(formerly i-SEMANTICS) </a><br>
Venha para a Alemanha como PhD: <a
href="http://bis.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/csf">http://bis.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/csf</a><br>
Projects: <a href="http://dbpedia.org">http://dbpedia.org</a>,
<a href="http://nlp2rdf.org">http://nlp2rdf.org</a>, <a
href="http://linguistics.okfn.org">http://linguistics.okfn.org</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/community/ld4lt">https://www.w3.org/community/ld4lt</a><br>
Homepage: <a href="http://aksw.org/SebastianHellmann">http://aksw.org/SebastianHellmann</a><br>
Research Group: <a href="http://aksw.org">http://aksw.org</a><br>
Thesis:<br>
<a href="http://tinyurl.com/sh-thesis-summary">http://tinyurl.com/sh-thesis-summary</a><br>
<a href="http://tinyurl.com/sh-thesis">http://tinyurl.com/sh-thesis</a><br>
</small></div>
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